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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00023_Field_frep09.txt
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1996-12-30
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One important feature of a
nerve impulse is its all-or-none
quality. If the original
depolarization is sufficient--if
it exceeds some threshold
value, (going from the resting
level of 70 millivolts to 40
millivolts, positive outside)--
the process becomes
regenerative, and reversal
occurs all the way to 40
millivolts, negative outside.
The magnitude of the reversed
potential traveling down the
nerve (that is, the impulse) is
determined by the nerve itself,
not by the intensity of the
depolarization that originally
sets it going. It is analogous to
any explosive event. How fast
the bullet travels has nothing
to do with how hard you pull
the trigger.
For many brain functions
the speed of the impulse seems
to be very important, and the
nervous system has evolved a
special mechanism for
increasing it. Glial cells wrap
their plasma membrane around
and around the axon like a jelly
roll, forming a sheath that
greatly increases the effective
thickness of the nerve
membrane. This added
thickness reduces the
membrane's capacitance, and
hence the amount of charge
required to depolarize the
nerve. The layered substance,
rich in fatty material, is called
myelin. The sheath is
interrupted every few
millimeters, at nodes of
Ranvier, to allow the currents
associated with the impulse to
enter or leave the axon. The
result is that the nerve impulse
in effect jumps from one node to
the next rather than traveling
continuously along the
membrane, which produces a
great increase in conduction
velocity. The fibers making up
most of the large, prominent
cables in the brain are
myelinated, giving them a
glistening white appearance on
freshly cut sections. White
matter in the brain and spinal
cord consists of myelinated
axons but no nerve cell bodies,
dendrites, or synapses. Grey
matter is made up mainly of cell
bodies, dendrites, axon
terminals, and synapses, but
may contain myelinated axons.
The main gaps remaining in
our understanding of the
impulse, and also the main
areas of present-day research
on the subject, have to do with
the structure and function of
the protein channels.